Exploring the Intersection of Faith and Economy
Faith, Tariffs, and the Working Class
Many people have forgotten the critical role faith-based organizations played in removing tariffs. The argument was that if we support free trade then the freedom of religion and public proclamation of religion will follow.
When the rotting Communist countries were collapsing, there was hope that the fast move of American companies and missions into the Communist zone would complete the process and turn a good profit besides. Evangelical Christians and Orthodox Jews who were rising forces, naturally wanted to get their message of salvation into countries that clearly needed some sort of salvation.
The business organizations saw an opportunity to enhance the popularity of free trade and funded many evangelical efforts to enter into the Former Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. Some mission organizations experienced an influx of significant business donations to ramp up their efforts.
At that time, who could argue with a world vision that promoted faith, freedom, and capitalism?
There was a lot of good gained by extending evangelism and compassion activities into China and elsewhere. We were all idealists then.
Russia was going to become democratic capitalist and Christian, and China was going to have a Goddess of Liberty erected in Tienanmen Square.
However, somewhat hidden behind the scenes was a vast effort to enlist Christian organizations to support free trade politics that led to the passage of legislation that gave Most Favored Nation status to China and other countries of the crumbling Communist countries.
Further, the Americans, in particular, were pretty naive about the countries into which they were entering and had a sort of blind optimism in their efforts. Still, much, much good was done.
But in the meantime, giving Most Favored Nation status to China was emptying out our intellectual property (through a casual disregard of its theft), our own factories, and working class jobs. Much of the money behind the evangelical groups came from rich people who thought higher profits were pretty good.
Now, we are living with the backlash to our blind exuberant optimism that corrupted some aspects of the evangelical mission movement. The Trump administration is trying to do a vast reset of the globalist policies that destroyed much of our working class. What should be our response?
First, we need to look back on our own efforts in building world evangelism on the backs of globalism. We need to recognize the disasters to which we have contributed–while not forgetting the advances. In other words, we need to have discernment and wisdom, not blind partisan reactions.
Second, we need to ask our seminaries to start studying and teaching about the working class and lower middle class in the Bible, theology, and ministries. In many cases, our churches and fellowships are as class-based as they are race-based. How does class affect our preaching and teaching? Have we forgotten that the lower class is multiple-colored?
In NYC, did you know that there are more Whites in poverty in New York City than any other group? If you don’t know that, that is probably because our theology tends to see race very quickly and not see class at all.
Are your campus fellowship groups dominated by the upper class, ie, the ones that talk about their ski trips at Christmas?
Ministries can be vastly influenced by their rich donors. Right now, they hate Trump, and they don’t like his tariff policies and restrictions on the free movement of peoples (laborers) and jobs across borders.
They are not entirely wrong, but we need to take a look at how they were mistaken in the past so that we can have a better look at the present.
Free trade was sold as beneficial to evangelism and works of international compassion. That partisanship did have many successes, but it also created some huge problems.
Third, we need the working class voices to be heard and not mocked. Talk in an iron worker’s hands gets right to the point. I was so impressed by the grace and good sense of Leo Salmon of Jamaica, Queens. Talk in an iron worker’s hands gets right to the point.
“Why is my business named ‘Grace Iron Works’?,” he reflected. “I am lost without purpose. God gave me a gift to do this.” A good job goes along with the word of the Lord just as much as does “free trade.”
Understanding Our Mission
DEBATES
Christianity and the Working Class. A VIEW FROM THE RIGHT
Scott Yenor, American Reformer

No gap between working class church attendance and attendance in other classes existed before the 1980s. Working class Americans were long faithful Christians. Working class Catholics were the backbone of many urban perishes. During the 1990s, my wife and I lived across the street from a faithful Catholic family with 21 kids and no twins. Fundamentalists in the country were devoted church goers and were much more culturally conservative than well-educated WASPs.This is no longer the case.
Poll after poll and book after book show that a yawning church attendance gap has opened in America. Just under 50% of the college educated attended church, while about 23% of those without college attended according to a study in the early 2010s. That gap has, if anything, widened in the past decade. My Lutheran parish has flipped in much this way: it has gone from a mostly blue-collar parish in the 1990s to a solidly, but not exclusively white-collar parish now. Evangelical churches in my area reflect the same thing.
Just as he is a fish out of water when people begin to talk about the demands of their desk jobs, our working-class man cannot find a place in the modern church where there seems to be little to no place for the working man.
When churches evangelize, they often establish youth ministries on college campuses or churches in the gentrifying city centers or missions overseas, but rarely in rural America. At its best, “trickle-down” evangelism may hope to affect behaviors and beliefs of the working class. At its worst, the church simply reinforces American class divisions.
American churches have practiced a feminized piety. As Charles Taylor, Canadian multiculturalist and philosopher writes, America’s pro-family churches have since the 1800s identified “the male as the source of potential disruption, and the female as victim and guardian” of the ordered household. Nothing much has changed. In the past, men were said to be prone to gambling or drinking. Today, they are said to ignore the emotional needs of their wives. Perhaps this one-sided focus on “problematic” masculinity and inherently virtuous femininity must change if churches are to attract the working class.
The Faith and Work Movement Stops Short of Class. a VIEW FROM THE lEFT
Ken Estey, Brooklyn College

Molly Worthen also highlights the work of Tim Keller, pastor of what she identifies as the headquarters for the movement, New York’s Redeemer Presbyterian Church and its Center for Faith and Work. She finds Keller’s book Every Good Endeavor (2012) to be a touchstone of the movement.
But a closer look reveals that this book is more like kryptonite than a touchstone for workers who might try to use it in their workplaces.
In the chapter “A New Compass for Work,” Keller refers to Ephesians 6 to explain how Paul argues that all work should be done “as if you were serving the Lord.”
In Ephesians 6:5-7, Paul urges that “Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey, them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart.”
Keller acknowledges that Paul also teaches that masters should treat slaves in the same way.
His disclaimer that slavery in Paul’s time was not race-based and seldom lifelong in character but rather similar to indentured servitude is hardly reassuring.
Is the working-class family Christmas still possible?

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